Why is my thumb muscle twitching - May 21, 2017 ... Use only lukewarm water. A 1/2 hr in a bathtub with 6-8 oz of epsom salts may work for you. Low blood sugar is also often a cause for muscle ...

 
Fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers have different jobs—here's how to train for each. Most fitness-minded people have probably heard of fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers. H.... Carver county jail roster mugshots

Key takeaways: Most common causes of muscle twitching are not harmful. They include things like fatigue, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, or caffeine use. Muscle twitching can sometimes be a symptom of a more serious neurological condition. But these conditions also cause muscle weakness, tremors, or difficulty controlling movements.Specifically, working on the opposable motion of the thumb may help strengthen the muscles and joints in the digit. lay the back of the hand on a table, with the palm facing upwards and fingers ...A muscle twitch differs from a muscle spasm in several ways, for example: Muscle twitches are not typically painful; Muscle twitches are short contractions that can happen repeatedly; Muscle spasms are …A twitch is a small, involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle or group of muscles. Medication side effects, physical exertion, fatigue, and excessive caffeine can all cause...Holding tension in your muscles can disrupt body signals and create changes in nerve energy. Anxiety can also cause symptoms like rapid breathing, which can result in calcium levels in the blood plummeting. This can result in a range of nervous system symptoms, including muscle spasms and twitching. Twitching anxiety is essentially a …Tingling or burning in the fingertips, toes and lips. Muscle aches or cramps in the legs, feet, stomach or face. Twitching or spasms of muscles, particularly around the mouth, but also in the hands, arms and throat. Fatigue or weakness. Other signs and symptoms associated with hypoparathyroidism can include: Painful menstrual periods.Numbness Or Tingling, Muscle Twitching And Shaking Hands. Your symptoms can be found in a number of different conditions. Examples include peripheral neuropathy, benign essential tremor, or carpal tunnel syndrome. A temporary or short-lived cause of these symptoms could be hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ). Keep track of your …Millions of viewers are logging on to Twitch to watch stars like Ninja play Fortnite and other video games. While Netflix, Disney, and other media conglomerates were battling it ou...It can be scary, and sometimes cause frustration, but it’s quite common and not something that you necessarily have to be afraid of if it happens to you or a loved one who deals with fibromyalgia. Some possible causes of muscle twitching includes. >>muscle fatigue. >>muscle strain or injury. >>emotional stress or anxiety.A brief look at some of the internet forums used by the MS community would suggest that others also experience regular muscle twitching and believe it’s a symptom of MS. A user named Chueykooh ...In some cases, nerve damage contributes to muscle spasms. My muscle spasms are often associated with tingling/numb/shaky hands/feet. Other times it's that painful burning or electrical sensation I get from nerve pain. Nerve damage also contributes to various forms of dysautonomia. Localized weakness often also accompanies my …Thumb Twitching can have multiple causes. Most commonly, there is no clear cause of the twitching and it resolves on its own within a few days. Possible causes …Muscle twitching: 8 common reasons why your muscles twitchDec 25, 2022 · Others are caused by conditions that may have affected your nervous system. Below are some of the causes of twitching right thumb. 1. Lack of sleep. Neurotransmitters can accumulate in your brain nerves if you don’t get enough sleep, which can cause twitching of your right thumb. 2. Muscle spasms in dogs are usually harmless, but they can indicate underlying issues. Common causes include dehydration, overexertion, allergies, and mineral deficiencies. Prevent spasms by ensuring your dog drinks enough water, providing rest and relaxation, and monitoring their physical activity. Stretching, massage, and …Dr. Krainin continues, “However, by far, ALS is NOT the most likely cause of forearm muscle twitches. “Overall, the most common cause of muscle twitches is called benign fasciculations. “As the name implies, this condition is not dangerous and is ‘self-limited,’ i.e., goes away on its own with time. “If you have been overusing or ...A slight tremor of the finger, thumb or hand is one of the typical early warning symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, according to National Parkinson Foundation. Other signs include a ...A muscle twitch is an involuntarily contraction. The most common sites for twitching are the eyelid, calf and thumb. Eyelid twitching usually goes away quickly but tends to recur. It can be triggered by bright light, alcohol intake, too much caffeine, fatigue, smoking, stress, and irritation of the surface of the eyes or inner eyelids (as by ...Thumb Twitching may result from the misfiring of a single nerve fiber, or contraction of the muscle fibers on their own, without stimulation from the nerve fiber.. Twitching can be unnoticed, especially if someone is distracted or busy. People often get worried when their thumb twitches. However, it’s crucial to remember that thumb …According to the AAOS, carpal tunnel syndrome may occur due to different factors, such as repetitive hand use, pregnancy, and some health conditions. Alongside hand weakness, other symptoms ...Muscle twitching refers to minor, involuntary contractions of a particular muscle. In some cases, these contractions may be a typical response to factors like physical exertion or caffeine consumption. In other cases, they may be the result of a more serious condition like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or traumatic brain injury (TBI).Infant muscle twitching during sleep or after a feeding. Essential myoclonus. Essential myoclonus occurs on its own, usually without other symptoms and without being related to any underlying illness. The cause of essential myoclonus is often unknown. In some cases, the cause is hereditary, meaning passed down in families. ...8. Other Causes. Other reasons why your finger may twitch include: Excess intake of drinks containing nicotine and caffeine. Nervous twitching due to anxiety. This is usually nothing to worry about and goes away after some time. Muscle cramping around your fingers. Dehydration. Diuretics and corticosteroids.Among the key differences: Trigger points often elicit a twitch response or jump sign when pressure is applied to them, whereas tender points don’t; trigger points …Muscle twitching: 8 common reasons why your muscles twitchahhh grade 8 piano, i broke my thumb the morning of my exam...haha, feels like a world away now in my opinion, any muscle/involuntary spasms are a cause for ...Focal dystonia is a neurological disorder. It causes involuntary muscle contractions in one body part. You may have muscle twitches in your neck, face, jaw, feet or hands. Focal dystonia that affects hands and wrists is common in musicians, athletes and writers. In golfers and baseball players, people often call focal dystonia “the yips.”.One of the most noticeable signs of thumb twitching is uncontrolled, repetitive movements in your thumb. These movements may occur at irregular intervals. Muscle Contractions. Thumb twitching often involves sudden, involuntary muscle contractions in the thumb area. You may feel a distinct pulling or jerking sensation.Twitching after head injury can indicate a post-traumatic movement disorder such as tremors, myoclonus, or spasticity. However, twitching can also be a positive sign of recovery during rehabilitation, especially for individuals with paralysis. Singulair. This article will discuss the causes of twitching after brain injury, how it can improve ...Twitches Between Thumb & Index Finger: Uncommon Area for Fasciculations. “Twitching between the thumb and index finger, or anywhere else for that matter, is often a sign of stress,” says Walter Gaman, MD, FABFM, board certified in family medicine and the author of several award-winning books including “Age to Perfection: How to Thrive to ...A brief look at some of the internet forums used by the MS community would suggest that others also experience regular muscle twitching and believe it’s a symptom of MS. A user named Chueykooh ...Esports is booming and its players are raking in the cash, and now the Fortnite star Ninja's magazine cover is a cultural touchstone. Tyler “Ninja” Blevins is a Fortnite legend, ha...Aug 2, 2022 · Thumb twitching is a medical condition that causes the thumb to twitch uncontrollably. The cause of thumb twitching is unknown, but it is believed to be caused by a nerve problem or a muscle spasm. Thumb twitching can be treated with medication or surgery, but in some cases, it may not be possible to cure the condition. Causes Mar 14, 2019 · Imbalances in these micronutrients – either reduced levels or high levels – can cause muscle twitching. Hormonal – Hormonal imbalances, such as thyroid or cortisol, can also cause muscle twitching by altering excitability of nerves and muscles. Medications – Medications can alter the ions in our body (pH) and lead to muscle twitching. Ulnar tunnel syndrome occurs when the ulnar nerve is compressed at the wrist. This reduces blood flow to the nerve and can harm its function. When compressed at the wrist, the malfunction of the nerve can cause numbness and tingling in the little finger (pinky) and the outside of the ring finger. Additionally, you may experience weakness of ...Apr 15, 2023 ... Carpal Spasm Symptoms · Muscle weakness; · Stiffness in the fingers or hand; · Difficulty moving the affected hand or fingers; · Twitch...... spasms of a muscle or muscle group ... The word “myoclonic” combines the Greek prefix for muscle — “myo” — with “clonus,” which means twitching.It can be scary, and sometimes cause frustration, but it’s quite common and not something that you necessarily have to be afraid of if it happens to you or a loved one who deals with fibromyalgia. Some possible causes of muscle twitching includes. >>muscle fatigue. >>muscle strain or injury. >>emotional stress or anxiety.A brief look at some of the internet forums used by the MS community would suggest that others also experience regular muscle twitching and believe it’s a symptom of MS. A user named Chueykooh ...In most cases, leg twitching is due to a common and relatively benign cause. However, persistent or frequent leg twitching can sometimes signal an underlying nervous system disorder, such as ... Twitches Between Thumb & Index Finger: Uncommon Area for Fasciculations. “Twitching between the thumb and index finger, or anywhere else for that matter, is often a sign of stress,” says Walter Gaman, MD, FABFM, board certified in family medicine and the author of several award-winning books including “Age to Perfection: How to Thrive to ... Common factors that may trigger involuntary spasms of the finger or twitching include: Muscle fatigue. Vitamin deficiency. Certain medications like isoniazid, corticosteroids, e.t.c. Dehydration. Benign fasciculation syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Parkinson’s disease.Your muscles are prone to twitching after exercise, especially high-intensity exercises like running or lifting weights. This happens when your body doesn’t have enough oxygen to turn a metabolic substance called lactateTrusted Sourceinto energy. Extra lactate is stored in the muscles, and when it’s needed, it … See moreOne of the most noticeable signs of thumb twitching is uncontrolled, repetitive movements in your thumb. These movements may occur at irregular intervals. Muscle Contractions. Thumb twitching often involves sudden, involuntary muscle contractions in the thumb area. You may feel a distinct pulling or jerking sensation.Trigger finger is a condition that affects one or more of the hand's tendons, making it difficult to bend the affected finger or thumb.Too Much Exercise. Although muscle twitching can be a rather random occurrence, another possible cause is overtraining. “Doing too much exercise can often lead to a twitching sensation,” Bendio says. In fact, muscle twitching can be one indication of where your threshold is. So, if your muscles are twitching after a workout, you may …Benign fasciculation syndrome symptoms. The main symptom of benign fasciculation syndrome is persistent muscle twitching, tingling, or numbness. These symptoms happen when the muscle is resting ...Jul 5, 2019 · I actually had twitching in several places in my body caused by spinal cord compression because those were the source of the nerves that went to the twitching muscles. I have had spine surgery to decompress the spinal cord which resolved the problem. It may be a physical issue rather than a disease. Mar 16, 2023 · Myoclonus is a brief, sudden muscle movement (like a twitch, jerk or spasm). It happens when muscles incorrectly activate and usually lasts just a fraction of a second. It can affect a single muscle or a group of them. Some causes are more likely to affect muscles in your hands or feet, shoulders or hips, back or face. Muscle twitching after exercise is common if you challenge your muscles beyond their typical contraction or when the muscles have been worked to the point of exhaustion. If the muscle is overstretched or torn during exercise, spasms can occur. Another cause of spasms and twitching is lack of fluids and minerals, such as potassium and calcium ...Feb 4, 2016 · Twitching of the muscles around the eye is particularly disconcerting as with any deformity or abnormality of the face because it may be quite obvious to others, causing embarrassment. Eye ... Having too much caffeine in a pre-workout supplement, coffee, or another form before or during your workout can cause muscle twitching. Caffeine is a stimulant and can cause jitteriness or trembling. Other signs of caffeine overload include a rapid heartbeat, diarrhea, agitation, increased blood pressure, dizziness, nausea, and difficulty sleeping.Hands and feet pain bilateral, finger twitching. ana positive (80), high b12 vitamin, emg positive on hand, mri negative. what can be this disease? A doctor has provided 1 answer. hi! my finger/eye lid have been twitching for a week. why? and should i be worried? how can i fix it? thank you!:For example, if you hold your hands or arms out in front of you, they will not be completely still. Sometimes a tremor becomes more noticeable. This often happens: as you get older. when you're stressed, tired, anxious or angry. after drinking caffeine (for example, in tea, coffee or cola), drinking alcohol, or smoking. if you're very hot or cold.Specifically, working on the opposable motion of the thumb may help strengthen the muscles and joints in the digit. lay the back of the hand on a table, with the palm facing upwards and fingers ...These spontaneous movements — called fasciculations — can affect as many as 70% of the population at any time in their lives. In many cases, these twitches can be blamed on behaviors like having too much caffeine, not drinking enough fluids, catching too little sleep or even lifting heavy weights. Most of the time, muscle twitches aren’t ...Rigorous physical activity could build up lactic acid in the muscles and can cause muscle twitching. Intense exercise usually affects the arms, back and legs. Muscles twitching due to anxiety or stress could affect any part of your body. Vitamin- and calcium deficiencies could cause muscle spasms in the hand, calves and eyelids.A muscle twitch differs from a muscle spasm in several ways, for example: Muscle twitches are not typically painful; Muscle twitches are short contractions that can happen repeatedly; Muscle spasms are prolonged contractions that are typically painful, and most commonly occur following exercise. Muscle twitching may also be known as fasciculation.Your fingers can twitch for many reasons. Finger twitching can happen because of stress, anxiety, or muscle strain. It can even happen as a result of scrolling on your phone or typing away at the computer. In most cases, finger twitching is mild, but it may be confused with tremors. However, twitching is not to be confused with finger tremors.Dec. 20, 2021 - Katie McCallum. You're just sitting at your desk and suddenly tic, tic, tic. Small muscles in your legs start twitching, seemingly taking on a mind of their own. The zings, fizzles and ever-so-slight thumps of a twitching muscle feel weird, kind of unsettling.Your body needs enough water and nutrients to function properly. Without sufficient water, the balance of salt in your muscles gets disturbed, which can lead to twitching. Similarly, a deficiency in certain nutrients like potassium, calcium, or Vitamin D can cause imbalances that result in muscle twitches.Focal dystonia is a neurological disorder. It causes involuntary muscle contractions in one body part. You may have muscle twitches in your neck, face, jaw, feet or hands. Focal dystonia that affects hands and wrists is common in musicians, athletes and writers. In golfers and baseball players, people often call focal dystonia “the yips.”.Sometimes, thumb twitching is confused with other issues like trigger finger, thumb arthritis, or tendonitis. These conditions might be called things like “gamer thumb” or “texting thumb.” They are treated with things like braces, anti-inflammatory meds, and sometimes surgery if other treatments don’t work.Dystonia can affect your whole body or just 1 part. It can start at any age. Symptoms of dystonia include: uncontrolled muscle cramps and spasms. parts of your body twisting into unusual positions – such as your neck being twisted to the side or your feet turning inwards. shaking (tremors) uncontrolled blinking.Dystonia can affect your whole body or just 1 part. It can start at any age. Symptoms of dystonia include: uncontrolled muscle cramps and spasms. parts of your body twisting into unusual positions – such as your neck being twisted to the side or your feet turning inwards. shaking (tremors) uncontrolled blinking.Too Much Exercise. Although muscle twitching can be a rather random occurrence, another possible cause is overtraining. “Doing too much exercise can often lead to a twitching sensation,” Bendio says. In fact, muscle twitching can be one indication of where your threshold is. So, if your muscles are twitching after a workout, you may want to ... Twitches Between Thumb & Index Finger: Uncommon Area for Fasciculations. “Twitching between the thumb and index finger, or anywhere else for that matter, is often a sign of stress,” says Walter Gaman, MD, FABFM, board certified in family medicine and the author of several award-winning books including “Age to Perfection: How to Thrive to ... ... spasms of a muscle or muscle group ... The word “myoclonic” combines the Greek prefix for muscle — “myo” — with “clonus,” which means twitching.Specifically, working on the opposable motion of the thumb may help strengthen the muscles and joints in the digit. lay the back of the hand on a table, with the palm facing upwards and fingers ...These nerves regulate all the muscles under your conscious control, such as those used for walking, talking and holding objects. Damage to these nerves can cause muscle weakness, painful cramps and muscle twitching. Sensory nerves. Because these nerves relay information about touch, temperature and pain, you may experience a …This makes you look at the finger. Then it twitches or “tremors” again – and you see the whole thing moving. This makes you think of ALS because you can see the action. The visible movement is described as either that of twitching, tremoring, jumping or jerking. The visibility of it makes many people worry that it’s more likely ALS ...Muscle twitching is caused by minor muscle contractions in the area, ... Twitches not caused by disease or disorders (benign twitches), often affecting the eyelids, calf, or thumb. These twitches are normal and quite common, and are often triggered by stress or anxiety. These twitches can come and go, and usually do not last for more than …Medically reviewed. May 4, 2022. An eyebrow twitch also called a myokymia, is when your eyebrow muscle contracts involuntarily. Most often, eyebrow twitching is due to fatigue or stress. While generally harmless, eye twitching can be bothersome and disruptive. If your eyebrow twitches throughout the day or lasts for days, weeks, or even longer ...Electrolyte imbalance (having too many or too few salts and minerals like potassium, magnesium and calcium, in your body). Stress. Too much high-intensity exercise. Possible causes for nocturnal leg cramps (leg cramps at night), specifically, include: Sitting for long periods of time. Overusing your muscles.Muscle twitching in ALS feels like persistent but visible muscle jumps under the skin or contractions of a muscle or muscles. Fasciculations usually aren’t painful, but they can be annoying and ...So called fasciculations. Basically, wrong signals are sent down singular nerve fibers (or singular nerve fibers are stimulated for different reasons) to small muscle bundles (so called muscle fascicles), leading to them being excited, contract and twitch a little without a motoric effect (fascicles need to contract in masses within a muscle in ...Thumb shaking or thumb twitching is when your thumb starts shaking involuntarily. It could be caused by a nerve impulse or a tingling sensation. Sometimes your hand goes numb, and it affects the thumb. You could get thumb spasms due to numbness as well! Thumb twitching is known as fasciculation in medical terms.The compression can be caused by thickening or swelling of tendons that have become irritated. If you have carpal tunnel syndrome you may experience hand cramps as well as the following symptoms ...The reason a twitching thumb can really cause worry is because the thumb is a very small part of the body — a digit — and when muscles of a digit (be it a thumb, index finger or toe) twitch, the digit typically jumps. It is the jumping that often worries a person when the thumb twitches, but whether or not a finger jumps or visibly moves ...Dyanavel XR (Oral) received an overall rating of 8 out of 10 stars from 2 reviews. See what others have said about Dyanavel XR (Oral), including the effectiveness, ease of use and ...Understand the psychology behind doomscrolling, what mental health conditions can increase the likelihood we'll keep doing it, plus how to stop. Doomscrolling is easy to do but it ...Dec 16, 2020 ... Shaking fingers, fingers twitching by themselves or trembling hands can be frightening, and it can be a sign of Repetitive Strain Injury.So called fasciculations. Basically, wrong signals are sent down singular nerve fibers (or singular nerve fibers are stimulated for different reasons) to small muscle bundles (so called muscle fascicles), leading to them being excited, contract and twitch a little without a motoric effect (fascicles need to contract in masses within a muscle in ...Feb 4, 2016 · Twitching of the muscles around the eye is particularly disconcerting as with any deformity or abnormality of the face because it may be quite obvious to others, causing embarrassment. Eye ... Apr 11, 2023 ... Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by pressure on your median nerve. This nerve gives you feeling in your thumb and all your fingers except your ...Mar 1, 2019 · Some common reasons thumbs may start twitching include –. Sleep deprivation, which can cause exhaustion in any part of our body. Too much caffeine or other stimulants, which can cause you to get the shakes or tap up a storm in a meeting or lecture. To overcome this, try to limit caffeine intake. Morning coffee is okay, but avoid energy drinks ... It isn't constant, and only happens after the muscle is flexed or irritated in some way. When I hold my thumb into the palm of my hand for ...Muscle twitching: 8 common reasons why your muscles twitchCauses. The most common type of eyelid twitching, called myokymia, may be triggered by: Benign essential blepharospasm is a movement disorder, called dystonia, of the muscles around the eye. No one knows exactly what causes it, but researchers think it's caused by a malfunction of certain cells in the nervous system called basal ganglia.A common reason why muscles sometimes twitch is overexertion, says Dr. Justin Kwan, an associate professor of neurology at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University in Philadelphia.

There are many things that can cause muscle twitching, including fatigue, anxiety, or even a pinched nerve in the spine. Muscle cramps, too, are very common, .... Jinn ice cream rolls fort lee

why is my thumb muscle twitching

Thumb twitching happens as a result of contractions of muscles, it can be caused by stress, using mobile phones, vitamin deficiencies, and more. It can disrupt your everyday life to a major extent by affecting your daily activities. Thumb twitching is a temporary condition rarely caused by a serious condition. If your thumb twitching …Rigorous physical activity could build up lactic acid in the muscles and can cause muscle twitching. Intense exercise usually affects the arms, back and legs. Muscles twitching due to anxiety or stress could affect any part of your body. Vitamin- and calcium deficiencies could cause muscle spasms in the hand, calves and eyelids.Jan 16, 2023 ... The reason a twitching thumb can really cause worry is because the thumb is a very small part of the body — a digit — and when muscles of a ...Benign Fasciculation Syndrome vs ALS. The main difference between BFS vs. ALS muscle twitching is that the muscle contractions associated with ALS are caused by a deterioration of the muscles over time. That may manifest as a loss of mobility or weakness in the body.⁵ BFS is a benign condition that does not cause any damage to …May 21, 2017 ... Use only lukewarm water. A 1/2 hr in a bathtub with 6-8 oz of epsom salts may work for you. Low blood sugar is also often a cause for muscle ... Concerned about thumb spasm / twitch. So here's a new one for me. Although my main concern for the last 4 months is about my right hand (collapsing joints, which *might* be related to muscle weakness, and an overall stiff feeling that doesn't disappear), my left thumb sometimes moves a little bit due to minor twitches. Aug 2, 2022 · Thumb twitching is a medical condition that causes the thumb to twitch uncontrollably. The cause of thumb twitching is unknown, but it is believed to be caused by a nerve problem or a muscle spasm. Thumb twitching can be treated with medication or surgery, but in some cases, it may not be possible to cure the condition. Causes Two months ago my thumb started twitching involuntarily, close to this rhythm but a stronger twitch, for about 5 days. Then it stopped for a few days, then started up again, then stopped two days later, then started up after a day, then stopped, then went on for a …Your body needs enough water and nutrients to function properly. Without sufficient water, the balance of salt in your muscles gets disturbed, which can lead to twitching. Similarly, a deficiency in certain nutrients like potassium, calcium, or Vitamin D can cause imbalances that result in muscle twitches.Corticosteroid (steroid) drugs are common causes of fasciculation. Other medications that cause lip twitching include: Drugs that treat muscle diseases, such as neostigmine. Medications that treat short-term paralysis, such as succinylcholine. Medications that treat mental illness, such as nortriptyline or lithium.Holding tension in your muscles can disrupt body signals and create changes in nerve energy. Anxiety can also cause symptoms like rapid breathing, which can result in calcium levels in the blood plummeting. This can result in a range of nervous system symptoms, including muscle spasms and twitching. Twitching anxiety is essentially a …Dec 10, 2019 · Common factors that may trigger involuntary spasms of the finger or twitching include: Muscle fatigue. Vitamin deficiency. Certain medications like isoniazid, corticosteroids, e.t.c. Dehydration. Benign fasciculation syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Parkinson’s disease. A common reason why muscles sometimes twitch is overexertion, says Dr. Justin Kwan, an associate professor of neurology at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University in Philadelphia.Sometimes, thumb twitching is confused with other issues like trigger finger, thumb arthritis, or tendonitis. These conditions might be called things like “gamer thumb” or “texting thumb.” They are treated with things like braces, anti-inflammatory meds, and sometimes surgery if other treatments don’t work.Esports is booming and its players are raking in the cash, and now the Fortnite star Ninja's magazine cover is a cultural touchstone. Tyler “Ninja” Blevins is a Fortnite legend, ha...Jan 23, 2024 · Tremor, another name for thumb twitching, happens when the muscles in your thumb contract without your conscious consent. Your thumb muscles may twitch due to activity in the nerves attached to them, which stimulates them. The most common reason for transient thumb twitching is a mild ailment. You should see a doctor to discover the cause of ... .

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