Silk Mandarin. Silk Mandarin is located 5 minutes from Jingan Temple, in the heart of Shanghai. They offer Group and Private classes, both offline and online. The part-time group course is 1/2/3 time (s) a week, working days or weekends. The Intensive Group Course is from Monday to Friday, 9:00-12:30.In 2023, there were around 1.5 billion people worldwide who spoke English either natively or as a second language, slightly more than the 1.1 billion Mandarin Chinese speakers at the time of survey.Mandarin was also the language of Chinese society as public language (colloquial strata). There are pronunciation differences between the literary and colloquial strata. For example, the word to learn, pronounced xue in the literary stratum, it is rendered xiao in colloquial Beijing strata. Differences also exist in vocabulary, with guanhua ...In the Chinese language, those three become the following: 他, 她, and 他 (“he/him,” “she/her,” and “it/its.”. They are all pronounced “tā.”. 他 (tā): This is the most frequently used pronoun. Even though it’s used in place of “him,” it is somewhat of a gender-neutral pronoun. It can be used when the gender of a ...Mandarin Chinese is a tonal language, which means that the way a sound is pronounced directly affects the meaning of what is said. Mandarin’s tones give the language a very distinctive quality, but the tones can also be a … Learn about the origin, development and status of Mandarin, the most spoken variety of Chinese, and its different names and scripts. Compare the features and differences of various phonetic transcription systems for Mandarin, such as pīnyīn, bopomofo and Wade-Giles. Top 5 Reasons to Learn Chinese. 1. Chinese has more native speakers than any language in the world. With over 1 billion speakers, you are guaranteed to meet native Chinese speakers all over the world. Every interaction we have is an opportunity to make new connections and experience a new culture firsthand.There are 3 ways to say 7 Days of the week in Chinese Mandarin. You only need to remember one or two words at the front of the sentence – 星期 Xīngqí , 礼拜 Lǐbài, 周 Zhōu, followed by the numbers 1 to 6 according to the days of the week. We do not use the number 7 (七) for Sunday in Mandarin as it has other names to say it ...Now, Standard Mandarin is a specific branch of 官话 , and Standard Mandarin is what people are referring to when they say that Mandarin is the national language of China. China’s national language is based on the Beijing pronunciation and usage, which greatly distinguishes it from other Chinese dialects.Mandarin (pŭtōnghuà, guóyŭ, huáyŭ) is the most widely spoken of all Chinese dialects spoken as a first language in a vast area of northern and southwestern ... Mandarin Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family, and is the shared language of most Chinese people. Chinese people who speak other languages, often also speak or use Mandarin as their second language. If you intend to learn Chinese, it is most useful to learn Mandarin Chinese. 8. 滚蛋 – Gǔn dàn. Another egg-related Chinese curse word! This time, it means a “rolling egg.”. By calling someone a “rolling egg,” you are essentially telling them to “f*ck off” and leave you alone. 滚蛋 is much sharper than 滚开, so proceed with caution.You see, Chinese can be broken down into 'building blocks'- the basic units of meaning - which never change their form, unlike in other languages. So to speak Chinese all you need to do is figure out which building blocks you need, and the order they should be in. I call this the 'Building Blocks Method' - and it's what my courses are based on.The official Collins English-Simplified Dictionary online. Over 100,000 Chinese translations of English words and phrases.Vulytsia Sobornosti 46, Poltava. 5. Barvy Svitu Ok Vulytsia Ihoria Serdiuka 1, Kremenchutska miska hromada. 6. Sosnovyi Bor Plius Vulytsia Nabarezhna 26, … 1-on-1 Live Chinese Lessons. Build your confidence and improve your spoken Mandarin as you learn from a live Chinese teacher in our fun and fast-paced one-on-one online learning platform. 50,000+ Students. Since 2004, we’ve helped over 50,000 Chinese learners from over 130 countries improve their Mandarin language skills. The phrase 晚上好 (wǎn shàng hǎo) means "good evening" in Chinese. The word 晚 is composed of two parts: 日 and 免 (miǎn). As noted previously, 日 means sun, while 免 means "free" or "absolve." Combined, the character represents the concept of being free of the sun. Using the same pattern as 早上好 (zǎo shàng hǎo), you can say ...8. 滚蛋 – Gǔn dàn. Another egg-related Chinese curse word! This time, it means a “rolling egg.”. By calling someone a “rolling egg,” you are essentially telling them to “f*ck off” and leave you alone. 滚蛋 is much sharper than 滚开, so proceed with caution.Jul 20, 2021 · Mandarin is the majority Chinese language in China (spoken by about 70% of the population). Cantonese is one of about six less-spoken Chinese languages with the same roots in ancient Chinese, including Wu (Shanghainese) and Min (Fujianese), which also each have about 6% of China's population using them as a first language. This is a beginner's course of Mandarin Chinese. It uses video lectures, short plays, interactive exercises and cultural tips to help learners build fundamental capability of oral Chinese in real-life situation. At the end of the 15-week specialization, the learners will reach the following proficiency: 1000 words, 75 language points, and ... Learn about the origins, development, and features of Mandarin, the most widely-spoken language in the world and the official language of China. …The Happy Birthday Song in Mandarin. While the English and Chinese versions of the birthday song use the same tune, the lyrics vary slightly in the Chinese birthday song. Since traditional Chinese birthdays are celebrated on rarer occasions compared to birthday celebrations in other parts of the world, the Chinese song …In today’s interconnected world, the ability to communicate across languages is of paramount importance. One such language pair that often presents unique challenges is English and...8. 滚蛋 – Gǔn dàn. Another egg-related Chinese curse word! This time, it means a “rolling egg.”. By calling someone a “rolling egg,” you are essentially telling them to “f*ck off” and leave you alone. 滚蛋 is much sharper than 滚开, so proceed with caution.Are you craving some delicious Chinese food but don’t know where to start? Look no further. In this guide, we will explore the best Chinese restaurants near you, bringing you close...Until the mid-20th century, most Chinese people spoke only their local language. As a practical measure, officials of the Ming and Qing dynasties carried out the administration of the empire using a common language based on Mandarin varieties, known as Guānhuà (官話 / 官话 'officer speech'). While never formally defined, knowledge of this language …Intermediate Mandarin Chinese is the next step in your language journey and follows on from the Michel Thomas Method Foundation Mandarin Chinese Course. The method breaks down the language into building blocks that are introduced sequentially so you can move on to ever-more-complex sentences, while a revolutionary way of learning tones links ...Mandarin was also the language of Chinese society as public language (colloquial strata). There are pronunciation differences between the literary and colloquial strata. For example, the word to learn, pronounced xue in the literary stratum, it is rendered xiao in colloquial Beijing strata. Differences also exist in vocabulary, with guanhua ...About Chinese (Mandarin) Chinese (Mandarin) is the study of listening, speaking, reading, and writing in Mandarin. This page contains resources and tools to help support: internal and external assessment (exams) teachers delivering this subject. learners taking this subject. Read more about this subject on NCEA.education.1. 不是 / 不是的 – Bùshì / bùshìde. Look up the word “no” in the dictionary of the Mandarin Chinese language, and you’ll find a confusing array of negative particles, all of which might be translated as “no” or “not.”. Few, if any, of these are used by themselves. In daily life, two main characters are used in ...Are you craving some delicious Chinese cuisine but don’t feel like going out? Thankfully, there are plenty of Chinese restaurants in your area that offer convenient delivery servic...English to Chinese dictionary with Mandarin Pinyin & Handwriting Recognition - learn Chinese faster with MDBG! Dictionary content from CC-CEDICT De keizer is ver weg - boek met wilde ... Tip: The character dictionary gives detailed information about separate Chinese characters; the word dictionary contains words consisting of 1 or more …2 days ago · Mandarin language, the most widely spoken form of Chinese. Mandarin Chinese is spoken in all of China north of the Yangtze River and in much of the rest of the country and is the native language of two-thirds of the population. Mandarin Chinese is often divided into four subgroups: Northern. Rocket Chinese. Rocket Chinese is the best app on this list because it’s the most comprehensive way to learn. The detailed audio lessons walk you through each step of learning Chinese. In each lesson, you’ll practice listening, speaking, grammar, vocabulary, and more. It’s not the most fun app on the list, but in my opinion, it’s the ...Learn about the origins, development, and features of Mandarin, the most widely-spoken language in the world and the official language of China. … View free Mandarin Chinese Language courses. Learn how to speak Chinese from top-rated Mandarin language teachers. Whether you want to learn conversational Mandarin, become a fluent Chinese speaker, or get ready for a trip to a Mandarin speaking country, Udemy has a course to help you develop your Chinese skills. Mandarin (bureaucrat) Three Ming Dynasty mandarins of varying ranks. A 15th-century portrait of the Ming official Jiang Shunfu. The cranes on his mandarin square indicate that he was a civil official of the sixth rank. Nguyễn Văn Tường ( chữ Hán: 阮文祥, 1824–1886) was a mandarin of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam. Mandarin Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family, and is the shared language of most Chinese people. Chinese people who speak other languages, often also speak or use Mandarin as their second language. If you intend to learn Chinese, it is most useful to learn Mandarin Chinese. Preply Blog. Chinese vocabulary. 28 Basic Chinese words and phrases that every beginner should learn. Learning Mandarin words is the first …In the Chinese language, those three become the following: 他, 她, and 他 (“he/him,” “she/her,” and “it/its.”. They are all pronounced “tā.”. 他 (tā): This is the most frequently used pronoun. Even though it’s used in place of “him,” it is somewhat of a gender-neutral pronoun. It can be used when the gender of a ...Craving delicious Chinese food but don’t want to leave the comfort of your own home? With delivery services becoming more and more accessible, you can now enjoy your favorite Chine...It is because one-fifth of the planet speaks Mandarin Chinese. Mandarin Chinese is the mother tongue of over one billion people, making it the most widely spoken first language in the world. Learning Chinese gives you a …The Chinese Name Generator is an online tool that helps you generate a Chinese name based on your preferences. Laoshi Chinese Name Converter takes your name, picks out consonant syllables and randomly selects characters for your name. The Name Generator gets the meaning from the literal translation of the characters.The Chinese Wikipedia ( traditional Chinese: 中 文 維 基 百 科; simplified Chinese: 中 文 维 基 百 科; pinyin: Zhōngwén Wéijī Bǎikē) is the written vernacular Chinese (a form of Mandarin Chinese) edition of Wikipedia. It is run by the Wikimedia Foundation. Some scholars divide the history of the Chinese languages into Proto-Sinitic (Proto-Chinese; until 500 bc ), Archaic (Old) Chinese (8th to 3rd century bc ), Ancient (Middle) Chinese (through ad 907), and Modern Chinese (from c. the 10th century to modern times). The Proto-Sinitic period is the period of the most ancient inscriptions and poetry ... As shown in the screenshot of this online Chinese input system, it consists of 3 boxes: the Pinyin input box, the Chinese text box, and the candidate character and word box. To type Chinese, Enter fuzzy Pinyin (Pinyin without tones) into the Pinyin input box. For examples, hao and nihao.Use v for ü , e.g. lv When typing words with two or more characters, you … Some scholars divide the history of the Chinese languages into Proto-Sinitic (Proto-Chinese; until 500 bc ), Archaic (Old) Chinese (8th to 3rd century bc ), Ancient (Middle) Chinese (through ad 907), and Modern Chinese (from c. the 10th century to modern times). The Proto-Sinitic period is the period of the most ancient inscriptions and poetry ... About Chinese (Mandarin) Chinese (Mandarin) is the study of listening, speaking, reading, and writing in Mandarin. This page contains resources and tools to help support: internal and external assessment (exams) teachers delivering this subject. learners taking this subject. Read more about this subject on NCEA.education.English to Chinese dictionary with Mandarin Pinyin & Handwriting Recognition - learn Chinese faster with MDBG! Dictionary content from CC-CEDICT De keizer is ver weg - boek met wilde ... Tip: The character dictionary gives detailed information about separate Chinese characters; the word dictionary contains words consisting of 1 or more …Learn how to speak the Chinese language with Chinese classes, courses and audio and video in Chinese, including phrases, Chinese characters, pinyin, ...Learn how to speak Chinese from top-rated Mandarin language teachers. Whether you want to learn conversational Mandarin, become a fluent Chinese speaker, ...Accurate Pinyin. The correct Pinyin is provided, avoiding errors from machine or computerized transcriptions. Audio recordings by Chinese teachers. The natural …Chinese to English Dictionary. Character lists: HSK 1 · HSK 2 · HSK 3 · HSK 4 · HSK 5 · HSK 6. Word lists: HSK 1 · HSK 2 · HSK 3 · HSK 4 · HSK 5 · HSK 6. Dragon Mandarin a Chinese dictionary for Chinese language learners. Look up …Feb 27, 2024 · Best for Learning to Write Chinese Characters: Skritter and TOFU Learn. Best for Pronunciation Feedback: Speechling. VOCABULARY ACQUISITION. Best Dictionary App: Pleco. Best for Learning Words in Context: Clozemaster. Best Customizable Study Tool: Anki. Best for Grammar Practice: Chinese Grammar. Jun 14, 2019 · The name “Mandarin” was first used by the Portuguese to refer to the magistrates of the Imperial Chinese court and the language they spoke. Mandarin is the term used through much of the Western world, but the Chinese themselves refer to the language as 普通话 (pǔ tōng huà), 国语 (guó yǔ), or 華语 (huá yǔ). 普通话 (pǔ tōng ... Jan 25, 2024 · Our favorite Chinese app for language immersion is Pimsleur. The Pimsleur Chinese app is an audio course that teaches conversational Mandarin. Each Chinese lesson on Pimsleur is 30 minutes long and teaches you a collection of Chinese phrases. With Pimsleur you learn vocabulary by repeating after a native Chinese speaker. Study Chinese (Mandarin) courses for all levels at The University of Leicester.Learn Chinese (Mandarin) from beginners' level onwards with the University of Reading's Institution-Wide Language Programme.Your teacher will also give you a personalized program to follow. (Available with the Premium PLUS subscription) The fastest, easiest, and most fun way to learn Chinese and Chinese culture. Start speaking Chinese in minutes with audio and video lessons, audio dictionary, and learning community!Chinese whispers is played all over the world under various names, the most common being “telephone” or “broken telephone.” It is also called the Russian scandal game, the Arab gam...1. Say "u de" in the Hoi San dialect. Hoi San Chinese is spoken in Taishan, a coastal city in the southern Guangdong province of China in the Greater Taishan Region. 2. Use "gum xia" in the Hokkien, Hakka, and Teochew dialects. This version of "thank you" is appropriate in all three dialects. In summary, here are 10 of our most popular chinese language courses. Chinese for Beginners: Peking University. Chinese Characters for beginner 汉字: Peking University. Learn Mandarin Chinese: Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Learning Chinese : Start From Scratch (零到一學中文): National Taiwan University. More Chinese for Beginners ... Explore our Mandarin Chinese language short course. If you are interested in China's profound culture and booming economics, or simply want to embrace the ...Have lifetime access to your course. The Chinese language can be yours for life, and we believe your Chinese course should be too. With Rocket Chinese, you can come back in a month, a year or even a decade and still have full access to your courses. You'll also get all of the updates and improvements that we make for free!Mar 15, 2023 ... Mandarin is known as 普通话 [普通話] (pǔtōnghuà - common language), 北京话 [北京話] (běijīnghuà - Beijing language) or 汉语 [漢語] (hànyǔ - Han ...mandarin, in imperial China, a public official of any of nine grades or classes that were filled by individuals from the ranks of lesser officeholders who passed examinations in Chinese literary classics.The word comes through the Portuguese mandarim from Malay mantri, a counselor or minister of state; the ultimate origin of the word is the Sanskrit root man-, …Are you in the mood for some delicious Chinese cuisine but don’t feel like going out? Don’t worry. With the rise of food delivery services, you can now enjoy your favorite dishes f...Dec 15, 2023 · Du Chinese is an app that teaches you Mandarin through stories. “Du” refers to the character 读 (dú) which means “to read.” All off the stories have been written and recorded by native speakers, with professional translations. They’re available in Simplified and Traditional Mandarin and organized by HSK level. Apr 16, 2017 ... Learn Chinese w/ ChineseFor.Us Beginner Chinese Lesson 1: Self-introduction in Mandarin Chinese | Beginner Course with 40 Beginner Chinese ...Mandarin (bureaucrat) Three Ming Dynasty mandarins of varying ranks. A 15th-century portrait of the Ming official Jiang Shunfu. The cranes on his mandarin square indicate that he was a civil official of the sixth rank. Nguyễn Văn Tường ( chữ Hán: 阮文祥, 1824–1886) was a mandarin of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam.Overview. Features. Address. Poltavska miska hromada, selo Petrivka. Directions. Contacts. +380 (5365) 3-84-49. Show phone. Business hours unknown. Add. Edit …Chinese languages - Dialects, Mandarin, Writing: The pronunciation of Modern Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect, which is of the Northern, or Mandarin, type. It employs about 1,300 different syllables. There are 22 initial consonants, including stops (made with momentary, complete closure in the vocal tract), affricates (beginning as … View free Mandarin Chinese Language courses. Learn how to speak Chinese from top-rated Mandarin language teachers. Whether you want to learn conversational Mandarin, become a fluent Chinese speaker, or get ready for a trip to a Mandarin speaking country, Udemy has a course to help you develop your Chinese skills. Cover with wet towel and set aside for 20 to 30 minutes. Transfer the dough into a floured surface. Roll the dough into a long strip and then cut into 20 sections. Press each a little bit to a thick wrapper. Prepare two wrappers. Brush some oil on top of one wrapper, and also the bottom of the other one.In the grammar e-book, you will learn the most basic and important grammar points step by step. It contains a full collection of all HSK 1 – 6 grammar points, a summary of grammar structure, basic tenses introduction, and the most commonly used special sentence patterns. In this Chnese grammar (PDF) e-book, you will learn the grammar points ...Learn how to speak the Chinese language with Chinese classes, courses and audio and video in Chinese, including phrases, Chinese characters, pinyin, ...To type Chinese using IME, you normally need to enable the Chinese IME on your operating system (OS) which generally requires the administrator rights. ... is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in mainland China and to some extent in Taiwan and Singapore. It is often used to teach Standard Mandarin, which is normally ...Here’s the full list of the top 1000 most common Chinese words with all the info you need: Chinese, Pinyin, English and 2 example sentences for each. This is great if you want to make your own flashcard deck (Anki) or just check them off through a spreadsheet. All sentences are originally created by Tutormandarin and are not licensed … 1-on-1 Live Chinese Lessons. Build your confidence and improve your spoken Mandarin as you learn from a live Chinese teacher in our fun and fast-paced one-on-one online learning platform. 50,000+ Students. Since 2004, we’ve helped over 50,000 Chinese learners from over 130 countries improve their Mandarin language skills. Chinese Fonts. Welcome to Chinese Fonts.Download thousands of free Chinese fonts, calligraphic designs and typefaces for personal and commercial use. You can explore all the Chinese fonts at once using All Chinese Fonts page or simply use the Advanced Chinese Fonts Search Tool to explore the font or typeface of your choice. If you want to quickly …This is an intermediate course of Mandarin Chinese. It uses video lectures, short plays, interactive exercises and cultural tips to help learners build intermediate capability of oral Chinese in real-life situation. By completing this specialization, the learners will reach the following proficiency: 2500 words, 150 language points, handling 60 ...Mandarin VS Chinese. Although you may be confused now, the answer is quite simple. Think of “Chinese” as this large umbrella with a bunch of languages under it. Mandarin is one of those languages underneath. If Chinese were to be replaced with the word “dog,” then you could replace Mandarin with any dog breed, such as “Dalmatian.”. Mandarin (bureaucrat) Three Ming Dynasty mandarins of varying ranks. A 15th-century portrait of the Ming official Jiang Shunfu. The cranes on his mandarin square indicate that he was a civil official of the sixth rank. Nguyễn Văn Tường ( chữ Hán: 阮文祥, 1824–1886) was a mandarin of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam. 你认识他们吗？. Free graded Chinese reading material with audio, HSK-based. We deliver interesting short news and stories on your level.Intermediate Mandarin Chinese is the next step in your language journey and follows on from the Michel Thomas Method Foundation Mandarin Chinese Course. The method breaks down the language into building blocks that are introduced sequentially so you can move on to ever-more-complex sentences, while a revolutionary way of learning tones links ...👉Join our premium membership to unlock all Chinese conversational courses on our site: https://www.everydaychinese.com/pricing/To get the pdf notes & …Hanzii là từ điển Trung Việt, Trung Anh online miễn phí, giúp bạn tra cứu chữ hán theo nhiều cách khác nhau. Bạn cũng có thể học ngữ pháp, mẫu câu và văn hóa Trung Quốc qua các ví dụ minh họa. Hãy thử dịch văn bản Trung …
Five essential characteristics of Mandarin Chinese: tones, pinyin, grammar, characters, and basic structures. Greater insight into Chinese culture. Essential and practical communication skills. A solid start toward masteringMandarin for business. Build your confidence to communicate effectively with colleagues, clients, and friends in Chinese. . Incidious chapter 4
Mandarin (standard Chinese) is the official language of China and it is one of the six official languages used by the UN. Mandarin has four different tones including, flat, rising, falling then rising and falling; its grammar is relatively uncomplicated as there is no verb conjugation. As the world becomes increasingly globalised, Mandarin has ...mandarin, in imperial China, a public official of any of nine grades or classes that were filled by individuals from the ranks of lesser officeholders who passed examinations in Chinese literary classics.The word comes through the Portuguese mandarim from Malay mantri, a counselor or minister of state; the ultimate origin of the word is the Sanskrit root man-, …Even though Mandarin Chinese is a complex language, learning its number system. Read More » Chinese Names for 50 US States (Plus Abbreviations) If you are from the United States and visiting or living in China, one of the most common questions you’ll likely be asked from curious Chinese people is which US state you’re from. So you’ll ...Mandarin Chinese Teacher, Translator, Interpreter. Willow Zheng is a native Chinese Mandarin speaker who has been teaching Mandarin Chinese in Portland Oregon for 18 years. Willow teaches evening Mandarin classes at the Northwest China Council in Portland's Chinatown to all adults interested in learning to speak, and optionally write, …Jan 25, 2024 · Our favorite Chinese app for language immersion is Pimsleur. The Pimsleur Chinese app is an audio course that teaches conversational Mandarin. Each Chinese lesson on Pimsleur is 30 minutes long and teaches you a collection of Chinese phrases. With Pimsleur you learn vocabulary by repeating after a native Chinese speaker. Jul 20, 2021 · Mandarin is the majority Chinese language in China (spoken by about 70% of the population). Cantonese is one of about six less-spoken Chinese languages with the same roots in ancient Chinese, including Wu (Shanghainese) and Min (Fujianese), which also each have about 6% of China's population using them as a first language. Learn Chinese Online with That’s Mandarin. Study Mandarin Chinese online and enjoy private online classes with our professional native Chinese teachers anytime, anywhere. We use our in-house digital platform NihaoCafe to help you connect with your teacher, review class notes, and schedule classes. In summary, here are 10 of our most popular chinese language courses. Chinese for Beginners: Peking University. Chinese Characters for beginner 汉字: Peking University. Learn Mandarin Chinese: Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Learning Chinese : Start From Scratch (零到一學中文): National Taiwan University. More Chinese for Beginners ... Feb 27, 2024 · Best for Learning to Write Chinese Characters: Skritter and TOFU Learn. Best for Pronunciation Feedback: Speechling. VOCABULARY ACQUISITION. Best Dictionary App: Pleco. Best for Learning Words in Context: Clozemaster. Best Customizable Study Tool: Anki. Best for Grammar Practice: Chinese Grammar. Mandarin Chinese. Mandarin Chinese, [2] or simply Mandarin, ( / ˈmændərɪn / ( listen); simplified Chinese: 官话; traditional Chinese: 官話; pinyin: Guānhuà; literally: "speech of officials") is the language of government and education of the Chinese mainland and Taiwan, with the notable exceptions of Hong Kong and Macau where a local ... Apr 16, 2017 ... Learn Chinese w/ ChineseFor.Us Beginner Chinese Lesson 1: Self-introduction in Mandarin Chinese | Beginner Course with 40 Beginner Chinese ...Learn how to say "China" in Mandarin ChineseLeave a comment below to suggest what words or phrases you would like to learn next.Learn Chinese Mandarin Online | Learn Chinese Mandarin in London. Spoken by over 900 million, Chinese Mandarin is the most widely used language in the world. Our online or London-based Mandarin courses are designed to help you master everyday conversation and explore Chinese culture. Short courses and professional development.