Meris ddos botnet - A fine giugno, 2021, i ricercatori della sicurezza dell'azienda russa Qrator hanno iniziato a osservare "una botnet di un nuovo tipo". È seguita una ricerca congiunta con Yandex per scoprire di più su questa nuova minaccia DDoS "che emerge quasi in tempo reale". Correlata: Emerge la nuova botnet Mirai, Attacco a dispositivi IoT vulnerabili.

 
ロシアのセキュリティ企業・QratorLabsと検索大手・Yandexの共同研究で、2016年以降5年ほど収まっていた大規模DDoS攻撃を2021年になって復活させた「M .... Near for me

These accounts are key to most Americans' retirement plans. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from Money and its partners. I agree to Money's Term...Meris es el nombre de una de las botnets activas más grandes del mundo, relacionada con campañas extorsión de ataques DDoS contra proveedores de servicios de Internet y entidades financieras en varios países. Fue identificada por primera vez en el año 2021, y se estima que en la actualidad ya cuenta con más …Básicamente, una botnet es una red de ordenadores infectados que, bajo las órdenes de un único ordenador maestro, trabaja en conjunto para conseguir un objetivo. Puede parecer sencillo, y casi inofensivo, pero, como se afirma en el párrafo anterior, es la fuente de poder que se esconde detrás de algunos de los peores ataques que puede ...A botnet, conhecida como Mēris, está sendo utilizada para realizar ataques DDoS de grandes proporções, prejudicando tanto os alvos dos ataques quanto as máquinas utiliadas para esse fim. Falha nos roteadores Mikrotik. A Mēris surgiu através de uma vulnerabilidade encontrada em roteadores Mikrotik em 2018. Na época, a empresa recomendou ...Miraiの元の作者は、DDoS攻撃やクリック詐欺のためにボットネットをリースしたことで有罪判決を受けました。 ボットネットはなぜ危険なのか? ボットネットは、IoTデバイスや、さらにはインターネットを使用するかどうかにかかわらず、人の生活のほぼすべての側面に影響を与える可能性が ...Dec 29, 2022 · Botnet Meris: Nouvelle menace DDoS émergente. Un assez substantiel, force d'attaque en constante augmentation, comme le dit Qrator, a été découvert sous la forme de dizaines de milliers de périphériques hôtes. Le botnet a été surnommé Meris, qui signifie peste en letton. Mar 11, 2024 · To check your computer run a full virus scan and use Cyber Security Software and Anti-Malware | Malwarebytes for a full scan also. From what I've seen since you asked ot relates to the router/modem being compromised. A Brief History of the Meris Botnet (cloudflare.com) Report abuse. Meris. A new DDoS botnet known as Meris has been detected. The new botnet is designed to mimic massive attacks. In 2021, the Meris botnet targeted New Zealand banks, the postal mail service, and the MetService weather service. The attack broke many DDoS records. The botnet uses an old MikroTik router that is vulnerable to DDoS attacks.Meris Botnet: Nueva amenaza emergente de DDoS. Bastante sustancial, fuerza de ataque en constante crecimiento, como lo expresó Qrator, fue descubierto en forma de diez de miles de dispositivos host. La botnet ha sido apodada Meris, que significa plaga en letón. "Por separado, Qrator Labs vio el 30 000 dispositivos de host en …A massive botnet targeting a service with a DDoS attack has a high probability of taking that service down unless it has robust anti-DDoS protections in place. The Mirai threat was exacerbated by the public leak of its source code. Several modern IoT botnets are descendants of Mirai that tweaked the source code to meet their owners’ goals.01:50 PM. 2. Photo credit: Dyn. A hacker us renting access to a massive Mirai botnet, which they claim has more than 400,000 infected bots, ready to carry out DDoS attacks at anyone's behest. For ...A fine giugno, 2021, i ricercatori della sicurezza dell'azienda russa Qrator hanno iniziato a osservare "una botnet di un nuovo tipo". È seguita una ricerca congiunta con Yandex per scoprire di più su questa nuova minaccia DDoS "che emerge quasi in tempo reale". Correlata: Emerge la nuova botnet Mirai, Attacco a dispositivi IoT vulnerabili.“We have detected that your router/modem may be compromised and part of the Meris DDoS botnet, or you are using a proxy associated with past Meris attacks. …Good morning, Quartz readers! Good morning, Quartz readers! Theresa May visits China. The British prime minister arrived in Wuhan and is expected to discuss trade with Beijing, alt...Tradicionalmente, las botnets se han utilizado para llevar a cabo campañas de phishing y ataques de spam a gran escala, pero la naturaleza de los dispositivos de IoT hace que las botnets Mirai sean ideales para hacer caer sitios web o servidores mediante ataques DDoS. Tras infectar un equipo, el malware de una botnet como Mirai se propaga a ...HomeNetworking, community based networking help. HomeNetworking is a place where anyone can ask for help with their home or small office network. No question is too small, but please be sure to read the rules before asking for help. We also welcome pretty much anything else related to small networks. 328K Members. …Everything you need to know to bake bread at home using only flour, salt, and water. Of all the self-care hobbies to emerge during the time of coronavirus quarantine, one of the mo...Durante los últimos meses la Botnet Meris ha presentado una fuerte y constante actividad, registrando dos de los ataques DDoS más grande de la historia con un estimado de aproximadamente 250.000 host controlados, principalmente dispositivos IoT y MikroTik a lo largo del mundo. Meris tuvo sus …Cloudflare claims that Mantis is the next evolution of Meris botnet, the recent record-holder for the largest DDoS attack. Meris botnet relied on over 250,000 MikroTik network devices. "Mantis has branched out to include a variety of VM platforms and supports running various HTTP proxies to launch attacks. The name Mantis was chosen to be ...Although the Meris botnet was definitely a thing, it only affected a rather obscure brand of router and so the Google alert is almost certainly erronious (a Sky Hub is not a MikroTik device) Switching your Hub off at the mains for half an hour should cause a new public IP address to be allocated to it, and that may well clear the issue.Information on potential issues with Google Captcha and geolocation, and how the Zscaler service resolves them.We named the botnet that launched the 26M rps (requests per second) DDoS attack "Mantis" as it is also like the Mantis shrimp, small but very powerful. Get Started Free ... Mantis is the next evolution of the Meris botnet. The Meris botnet relied on MikroTik devices, but Mantis has branched out to include …Botnet merupakan sekumpulan program saling terhubung dengan internet dan berkomunikasi menggunakan program sejenis buat melaksanakan tugas tertentu. Biasanya botnet dipakai buat mengirimkan surat elektronik berupa spam, ikut serta pada serangan DDos, atau bisa juga sebagai fitur keamanan untuk …On July 3, Cloudflare’s global DDoS protection system, Gatebot, automatically detected and mitigated a UDP-based DDoS attack that peaked at 654 Gbps. The attack was part of a ten-day multi-vector DDoS campaign targeting a Magic Transit customer and was mitigated without any human intervention. The …01:50 PM. 2. Photo credit: Dyn. A hacker us renting access to a massive Mirai botnet, which they claim has more than 400,000 infected bots, ready to carry out DDoS attacks at anyone's behest. For ...Cloudflare protects against Meris attacks. Meris first got our attention due to an exceptionally large 17.2 million requests per second (rps) DDoS attack that it launched against one of our customers. This attack, along with subsequent attacks originated by the Meris botnet, was automatically detected and mitigated by our DDoS protection systems.On July 3, Cloudflare’s global DDoS protection system, Gatebot, automatically detected and mitigated a UDP-based DDoS attack that peaked at 654 Gbps. The attack was part of a ten-day multi-vector DDoS campaign targeting a Magic Transit customer and was mitigated without any human intervention. The … is the meris ddos botnet prompt legitimate - Google Search Community. Google Search Help. Sign in. Help Center. Community. Announcements. Google Search. Users can now migrate Google Podcasts subscriptions to YouTube Music or to another app that supports OPML import. Learn more here. Больше вакансий на Хабр Карьере. На днях в СМИ появилась информация о DDoS-атаке на Яндекс. Это правда, но не вся. Нашим специалистам действительно удалось отразить рекордную атаку более чем в ...For companies with data to protect, their primary problem is how cheap hacking can be. For companies with data to protect, their primary problem is how cheap hacking can be. While ...There are certain things you should look for when shopping for a new tire. Learn about the 5 things to look for in a new tire at HowStuffWorks. Advertisement Shopping for new tires...Cloudflare affirme que Mantis est l'évolution du botnet Meris, ... piratés en 2018 et utilisés dans des attaques DDoS jusqu'en 2021. « De même, le botnet Mantis exploite une petite flotte d ...Mar 11, 2024 · To check your computer run a full virus scan and use Cyber Security Software and Anti-Malware | Malwarebytes for a full scan also. From what I've seen since you asked ot relates to the router/modem being compromised. A Brief History of the Meris Botnet (cloudflare.com) Report abuse. A new botnet malware is spreading across the internet – and according to new research, it might have already infected 200,000 devices. Called Meris, the botnet …Η Qrator Labs, μια ρωσική υπηρεσία μετριασμού DDoS, περιέγραψε το Meris σαν “ένα νέο botnet”, μετά από μια σειρά επιθέσεων εναντίον Ρώσικων εταιρειών.Jul 27, 2022 · Download the latest DDoS Attack Threat Landscape report: https://www.cloudflare.com/lp/ddos-trends-report/ The third quarter of 2021 was an exceptionally bus... La protección contra DDoS que implementamos en Cloudflare es multidimensional con el fin de mitigar los posibles vectores de ataque. Más información acerca de la protección protección contra DDoS de Cloudflare. Una red de robots (botnet) se refiere a un grupo de dispositivos que han sido infectados por malware y se encuentran bajo el ...December 9, 2021. 06:00 AM. 1. Approximately 300,000 MikroTik routers are vulnerable to critical vulnerabilities that malware botnets can exploit for cryptomining and DDoS attacks. MikroTik is a ...Basicamente, uma botnet é uma rede de computadores infectados que, sob o comando de um único computador principal, trabalham juntos para cumprir um objetivo. Pode parecer simples, quase inofensivo, mas como o parágrafo acima atesta, é a fábrica de alguns dos piores ataques que os cibercriminosos podem tentar. Uma botnet depende …Purple Fox malware infections have rocketed by at least 600% in the past year. Researchers say a botnet targeting Windows devices is rapidly growing in size, thanks to a new infect...Basicamente, uma botnet é uma rede de computadores infectados que, sob o comando de um único computador principal, trabalham juntos para cumprir um objetivo. Pode parecer simples, quase inofensivo, mas como o parágrafo acima atesta, é a fábrica de alguns dos piores ataques que os cibercriminosos podem tentar. Uma botnet depende …Sep 9, 2021 · The massive DDoS attack that has been targeting the internet giant Yandex was powered b a completely new botnet tracked as Mēris. The Russian Internet giant Yandex has been targeting by the largest DDoS attack in the history of Runet, the Russian Internet designed to be independent of the world wide web and ensure the resilience of the country to an internet shutdown. A botnet (short for “robot network”) is a network of computers infected by malware that are under the control of a single attacking party, known as the “bot-herder.”. Each individual machine under the control of the bot-herder is known as a bot. From one central point, the attacking party can command every computer on its botnet to ...ロシアのセキュリティ企業・QratorLabsと検索大手・Yandexの共同研究で、2016年以降5年ほど収まっていた大規模DDoS攻撃を2021年になって復活させた「M ...Although Disney is under pressure due to the disappointing debut of the Avatar sequel, patience may be key for DIS stock. The Avatar sequel's debut disappointed but patience may be...Cómo saber si tu ordenador forma parte de una botnet. Tu PC nunca se apaga adecuadamente o tarda más de la cuenta. Esto perfectamente puede deberse más a un fallo de hardware, del propio ...La protección contra DDoS que implementamos en Cloudflare es multidimensional con el fin de mitigar los posibles vectores de ataque. Más información acerca de la protección protección contra DDoS de Cloudflare. Una red de robots (botnet) se refiere a un grupo de dispositivos que han sido infectados por malware y se encuentran bajo el ...Meris es la botnet de moda, está consiguiendo en las últimas semanas algunos de los ataques DDoS más grandes que se han registrado en la historia de Internet. Atacando principalmente a Rusia ...A new botnet malware is spreading across the internet – and according to new research, it might have already infected 200,000 devices. Called Meris, the botnet …Se está produciendo una poderosa ola de ataques DDoS contra dispositivos Mikrotik en todo el mundo debido a la Botnet «MERIS ... Con FlashStart puede bloquear inmediatamente el tráfico infectado producido por MERIS! En solo unos minutos, puede proteger cualquier dispositivo Mikrotik de una manera simple y efectiva. ... HomeNetworking, community based networking help. HomeNetworking is a place where anyone can ask for help with their home or small office network. No question is too small, but please be sure to read the rules before asking for help. We also welcome pretty much anything else related to small networks. 328K Members. The massive DDoS attack that has been targeting the internet giant Yandex was powered b a completely new botnet tracked as Mēris. The Russian Internet giant Yandex has been targeting by the largest DDoS attack in the history of Runet, the Russian Internet designed to be independent of the world wide web and ensure the resilience of …Botnet adalah salah satu serangan yang perlu diwaspadai karena menjadi salah satu jenis kejahatan siber yang memungkinkan peretas dapat merusak server, mencuri data, mengerimkan malware berbahaya. Beberapa jenis serangan botnet adalah DDOS Attack kemudian Brute Force Attack dan Phising Attack.. …A botnet is a string of connected computers coordinated together to perform a task. Learn how they work and how you can help protect yourself. A botnet is a network of private computers that hackers have infected with malicious software. The hackers then control these computers remotely without the knowledge of their … what is “Merris DDoS botnet” & should i be worried? every time i go to google something (safari on iphone, no vpn) a page pops up that reads: “We have detected that your router/modem may be compromised and part of the Meris DDoS botnet, or you are using a proxy associated with past Meris attacks. This page checks to see if it is really a ... La nueva botnet Mēris rompe el récord de DDoS con 21,8 millones de ataques RPS. fredyavila2 septiembre 12, 2021. Una nueva botnet distribuida de denegación de servicio (DDoS) que siguió creciendo durante el verano ha estado golpeando al gigante ruso de Internet Yandex durante el mes pasado, y el ataque alcanzó su punto máximo a …In the same DDoS attack, Imperva mitigated over 12 million such embedded requests targeting random URLs on the same site. ... We have a strong indication that the Meris botnet played a role in these attacks. Although CVE-2018-14847 was published a while ago, attackers can still take advantage of it. The …Cloudflare protects against Meris attacks. Meris first got our attention due to an exceptionally large 17.2 million requests per second (rps) DDoS attack that it launched against one of our customers. This attack, along with subsequent attacks originated by the Meris botnet, was automatically detected and mitigated by our DDoS protection systems.Aug 19, 2022 · Mạng botnet có khả năng được tạo ra nhờ vào lỗ hổng bảo mật trong các sản phẩm của MikroTik, giúp tin tặc chiếm quyền điều khiển từ xa các thiết bị. Trước đó, mạng botnet Meris cũng đã được cho là có liên quan đến các vụ DDoS lớn khác như vụ cuộc tấn công 22 ... "After decades of advertising breast milk substitutes to readers of The BMJ, we have decided it is time to stop." On Monday (March 18), the British Medical Journal (BMJ) announced ...The U.S. Department of Homeland Security will keep enrollment centers for its trusted traveler programs closed through at least June 1. If you're waiting for your Global Entry inte...Good morning, Quartz readers! Good morning, Quartz readers! Theresa May visits China. The British prime minister arrived in Wuhan and is expected to discuss trade with Beijing, alt...Cloudflare claims that Mantis is the next evolution of Meris botnet, the recent record-holder for the largest DDoS attack. Meris botnet relied on over 250,000 MikroTik network devices. "Mantis has branched out to include a variety of VM platforms and supports running various HTTP proxies to launch attacks. The name Mantis was chosen to be ...Aug 19, 2022 · Mạng botnet có khả năng được tạo ra nhờ vào lỗ hổng bảo mật trong các sản phẩm của MikroTik, giúp tin tặc chiếm quyền điều khiển từ xa các thiết bị. Trước đó, mạng botnet Meris cũng đã được cho là có liên quan đến các vụ DDoS lớn khác như vụ cuộc tấn công 22 ... Find out how to tackle common repairs for first time homeowners including patching cracks and painting walls and trim, repairing and refinishing wood floors. Expert Advice On Impro...Feb 22, 2022 · For the last month, a new distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) botnet has been attacking the Russian internet company Yandex. The attack peaked at an unparalleled rate of 21.8 million requests per second. Mēris is the name given to the botnet, which derives its power from tens of thousands of hacked machines, estimated to be the most powerful ... It's known as the "Gateway to Hell" and while it might not actually get you there, what it will unleash if it keeps thawing could truly be hellish. Advertisement If you like to per...NewsMeris botnet breaks records. A relatively new botnet has recently broken records during a month-long distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack against Russian Internet company Yandex. Known as Meris (the Latvian word for plague), the botnet has hit other targets, too, including Cloudflare and the website of security …To update your router’s firmware, type your router’s IP address into your web browser and enter your login information. Then locate the Firmware or Update section and download the latest firmware update on your router manufacturer’s website. Finally, upload the update and reboot the router. Note: Your computer must be connected to your ...Một trong những phương thức tấn công DDoS hiệu quả và phổ biến nhất hiện nay là hoạt động dựa trên hàng trăm máy tính bị chiếm quyền điều khiển (tức các zombie). Những zombie này thường bị kiểm soát và quản lý qua các mạng IRC, sử dụng được gọi là các botnet.This tool will check a list of ip addresses of RouterOS-based routers to validate if they were infected with Meris. The tool will: Attempt to connect using credentials in credentials.txt file (1 pair of credentials per line, default provided) Attempt to exploit the router using CVE-2018-14847; The tool supports: RouterOS API; SSH; WinBox ...Mirai的攻击浪潮在2016年9月达到峰值,当时该僵尸网络发起大规模分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击,导致OVH、Dyn以及Krebs on Security等主流站点出现暂时瘫痪现象,无法正常提供服务。 据OVH以及Dyn的报告,这些攻击的流量峰值超过了1Tbps,这是已知攻击中规模最大的攻击流量。Check botnet status sites. Two sites provide free botnet checks: Kaspersky’s Simda Botnet IP Scanner and Sonicwall’s Botnet IP Lookup. When you catch wind of a botnet attack, pop on to these ...The US government has recommended a series of steps that critical infrastructure operators should take to prevent distributed-denial-of-service (DDoS) …Una nueva botnet llamada Meris está provocando estragos en varios países alrededor del mundo. Con un ejército de alrededor de 250.000 dispositivos, ha …Mēris Botnet Hit Russia's Yandex With Massive 22 Million RPS DDoS Attack. Sep 11, 2021 Ravie Lakshmanan. Russian internet giant Yandex has been the …Infected devices in a botnet can be used in devastating DDoS attacks. Mirai and smart devices. Once Mirai has infected a smart device, it turns it into another zombie in an army of remotely controlled bots. Mirai will even purge any pre-existing malware to ensure the device is securely locked into the botnet — all …An active malware campaign is leveraging two zero-day vulnerabilities with remote code execution (RCE) functionality to rope routers and video recorders into a Mirai-based distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) botnet. "The payload targets routers and network video recorder (NVR) devices with default admin credentials and installs Mirai …May 28, 2023 ... DDoS, DDoS-for-hire. Yes. 2018. Omni ... //sensorstechforum.com/meris-botnet/, 2021. ... Voas, “Ddos in the iot: Mirai and other botnets,” Computer, ...Search online for the latest version of your router’s firmware. This process varies between makes and models, but you can usually update the firmware from your device’s dashboard page. To access this page, open a web browser and type 192.168.1.1, 192.168.2.1, or 192.168.0.1 into the URL bar. Most routers use …The Meris botnet relied on MikroTik devices, but Mantis has branched out to include a variety of VM platforms and supports running various HTTP proxies to launch attacks,” Yoachimik explains. Meris is believed to have launched record-breaking attacks last year, including a 22 million RPS DDoS assault at the beginning of September 2021, …Dec 29, 2022 · Meris Botnet: New Emerging DDoS Threat. A pretty substantial, constantly growing attacking force, as Qrator put it, was uncovered in the form of ten of thousands of host devices. The botnet has been dubbed Meris, meaning Plague in Latvian. “Separately, Qrator Labs saw the 30 000 host devices in actual numbers through several attacks, and ...

Sep 16, 2021 · A new botnet malware is spreading across the internet – and according to new research, it might have already infected 200,000 devices. Called Meris, the botnet is reminiscent of Mirai, the IoT botnet that wreaked havoc in 2016, though it has unique characteristics too, reveals research from DDoS mitigation company Qrator Labs. . Hendrick health club

meris ddos botnet

A new powerful wave of DDoS attacks is underway against Mikrotik devices around the world due to the “MERIS” Botnet. This type of attack attempts to prepare remote access to routers for fraudulent usage. Mikrotik has issued a security bulletin with important actions to be taken quickly, including blocking DNS traffic to the malicious botnet.En 2018 una botnet generó un ataque DDoS con picos máximos de tráfico de 1.35 TB por segundo contra GitHub, la mayor plataforma de desarrollo de software de Internet, logrando dejarla fuera de servicio por unos minutos. Mēris. La botnet Mēris realizó al menos dos grandes ataques en el 2021.Make your next trip to Las Vegas more rewarding by taking advantage of Wynn's new status match offer. If you have a trip to Las Vegas on your horizon, listen up. Wynn Rewards, the ...Dec 29, 2022 · A fine giugno, 2021, i ricercatori della sicurezza dell'azienda russa Qrator hanno iniziato a osservare "una botnet di un nuovo tipo". È seguita una ricerca congiunta con Yandex per scoprire di più su questa nuova minaccia DDoS "che emerge quasi in tempo reale". Correlata: Emerge la nuova botnet Mirai, Attacco a dispositivi IoT vulnerabili. Meris, translating to “plague” in Latvian, is a DDoS botnet consisting of at least 30,000 compromised devices. However, data collected from Yandex servers shows that the recent Yandex DDoS attack involved more than 56,000 hosts. Experts believe that the number of devices infected with the Meris botnet could reach 250,000. Qrator Labs ... is the meris ddos botnet prompt legitimate - Google Search Community. Google Search Help. Sign in. Help Center. Community. Announcements. Google Search. Users can now migrate Google Podcasts subscriptions to YouTube Music or to another app that supports OPML import. Learn more here. The Meris DDoS botnet; The LockFile ransomware that uses unique encryption; The detected in 2020 XCSSET Mac malware, now updated with new capabilities. Disclaimer: The cyber threats listed in this article are a small portion of all the malware that emerged in 2021. Our top 10 selection of 2021 malware is a mere example … If you're connected to a VPN while you get this warning disconnect from the vpn and see if you still get the same warning. If you do then your pc has prob been compromised and used for a botnet. If your pc is compromised copy all your files to an external drive then reinstall windows using the built in feature or boot from a usb and do it. Meris Botnet: Nova ameaça DDoS emergente. Bastante substancial, força de ataque em constante crescimento, como Qrator colocou, foi descoberto na forma de dez de milhares de dispositivos host. O botnet foi apelidado de Meris, significa peste em letão. "Separadamente, Qrator Labs viu o 30 000 dispositivos host em números reais por meio …Cloudflare protects against Meris attacks. Meris first got our attention due to an exceptionally large 17.2 million requests per second (rps) DDoS attack that it launched against one of our customers. This attack, along with subsequent attacks originated by the Meris botnet, was automatically detected and mitigated by our DDoS protection systems.Make your next trip to Las Vegas more rewarding by taking advantage of Wynn's new status match offer. If you have a trip to Las Vegas on your horizon, listen up. Wynn Rewards, the ...Jul 15, 2022 ... Cloudflare claims that Mantis is the next evolution of Meris botnet, the recent record-holder for the largest DDoS attack. Meris botnet relied ...Tradicionalmente, las botnets se han utilizado para llevar a cabo campañas de phishing y ataques de spam a gran escala, pero la naturaleza de los dispositivos de IoT hace que las botnets Mirai sean ideales para hacer caer sitios web o servidores mediante ataques DDoS. Tras infectar un equipo, el malware de una botnet como Mirai se propaga a ...Sep 10, 2021 · A través de 250.000 dispositivos, el botnet Meris ha conseguido batir el récord del mayor ataque DDoS por volumen este verano. Y lo ha conseguido en dos... If you've ever noticed a pain on one side of your lower abdomen, roughly two weeks before your period, you might be experiencing ovulation pain. Try our Symptom Checker Got any oth...If you have a wireless network at home or in the workplace, you might as well take advantage of all its capabilities, such as sharing a network printer through the wireless connect....

Popular Topics